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Along the precipice: visions of atheism in London

The shallow and indulgent godlessness of the new atheists is thrown into stark relief by the real thing represented in the visceral work of the painter Francis Bacon, says Tina Beattie.


"One wants to do this thing of just walking along the edge of the precipice." (Francis Bacon)

An enterprising plan to display an atheist message on the side of sixty of London's red buses from January 2009 suggests that, if there is a God, she has a rather wicked sense of humour. The advertisement, which is sponsored by donors who include the British Humanist Association and Richard Dawkins, reads: "There's probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy your life." The idea may have struck more of a chord before the world's financial convulsions, when the popular Zeitgeist included indulging the extravagances of a consumer economy sustained by unlimited credit, than at a time when people are very worried about basic monetary security. It is in such a time, after all, that the search for faith and transcendent meaning often flourishes; when the easy comforts of a society whose only pursuit is of "enjoyment" can begin to seem hollow.  

Tina Beattie is professor of Catholic studies at Roehampton University, England.

Among her books are God's Mother, Eve's Advocate (Allen & Unwin, 2002), New Catholic Feminism: Theology and Theory (Routledge 2005), and The New Atheists: The War on Religion and the Twilight of Reason (Darton, Longman & Todd, 2007). Her website is here

Also by Tina Beattie in openDemocracy:

"Pope Benedict XVI and Islam: beyond words" (17 September 2006)

"Veiling the issues: a distractive debate" (24 October 2006)

"Religion in Britain in the Blair era" (10 January 2007)

"Religion's cutting edge: lessons from Africa" (14 February 2007)

"The end of postmodernism: the ‘new atheists' and democracy" (20 December 2007)

"Rowan Williams and sharia law" (12 February 2007)
In any event, there is nothing original or provocative about that banal agnostic slogan. It has been the credo of our western consumerist societies since the 1960s. A "probably" non-existent God has been banished from the public square and confined to increasingly empty churches in the company of a few deluded pious souls, leaving a large part of society to make merry (and money) with a sense of glorious liberation from the repressive effects of religion.

For the followers of a new and more ruthless deity have been building their temples in this society's midst. The fervour of their worship is familiar: a horde of over-excited, gesticulating men (like most religions, this one is dominated by men), shouting their prayers and petitions at the great glowing icons above them, placing their faith in the random and unpredictable whims of the gods, offering human sacrifices when necessary and creating a cult of secrecy so dense that the rest of us failed to see what they were up to until their creed had insinuated itself into so many institutions - governments and political processes, workplaces, schools and universities, shops, even homes and families.

What is the name of this all-powerful, all-controlling God? It may have once been called Mammon, but most today know it as The Market, and his followers (this God is most certainly male) are called CEOs and hedge-fund managers and oligarchs and traders. The Market dictates, responds, demands, even suffers (it is common to hear broadcasters use phrases such as the markets have "endured a brutal week"); and its minions and worshippers - politicians, bankers and taxpayers alike - do its bidding.

The power of this God would make "The Market probably doesn't exist" a more challenging slogan for London's buses to carry. But if anyone in the city wants to know what it would be like if God does not exist, they should take one of those buses to Tate Britain to view the exhibition of paintings by Francis Bacon. For this artist, there is no "probably" about it: God has been destroyed by the nihilistic horrors of 20th-century human behaviour, and the artist - recognising perhaps that people so often prefer the escapist route of consoling delusions - feels compelled to express the true face of a world without God.

A world inside out

Francis Bacon had an authoritarian Catholic father who expelled him from the family home on discovering the teenager wearing his mother's dresses. The remnants of this discarded Catholicism litter Bacon's art, like so much debris washed up by Matthew Arnold's "melancholy, long, withdrawing roar" of the sea of faith. Bacon's many sources of inspiration included Matthias Grünewald's Isenheim Altar, though he turns Grünewald's vision inside out, forcing our gaze beyond its message of redemption and healing, to confront us with the mangled meat that we are: savage and savaged beasts in a God-less world.

Grünewald intended the graphic torment of the crucified Christ to be a symbol of hope for the dying patients who knelt before it in the hospital chapel of St Anthony's monastery in Isenheim; but Bacon's crucified and monstrous bodies have the opposite intention, that of destroying any lingering trace of faith in a benevolent deity, a rational or redeemable humanity or a better hereafter.

This is the artist who once said: "I think that man now realises that he is an accident, that he is a completely futile being, that he has to play out the game without reason."

Bacon's paintings from the 1940s to the mid-1960s reveal his genius at its terrifying and relentless best. Life is mirrored in the art - the genocidal landscape of 20th-century history is gorged upon and spat out onto canvases in which paint and image, form and matter, congeal in visceral gloops of despair. In Head II (1949), a bestial shape oozes out of paint as thick and coarse as elephant-hide - is it winning or losing the struggle to take form against the suffocating sludge of primal matter? Why does it matter, if God is dead?  A series of early 1950s images inspired by Velásquez's Pope Innocent X howl from their entrapment in the dissolving and encroaching abyss. They look like popes should look, if there is no God.
Also in openDemocracy on matters of faith and unbelief:

Michael Walsh, "The Regensburg address: reason amid certainty" (19 September 2006)

Yves Gingras, "Science and mysticism: a tainted embrace" (17 August 2007)

Mark Vernon, "The bad faith of the secular age" (15 November 2007)

Keith Kahn-Harris, "How to talk about things we know nothing about" (21 February 2008)

John Casey, "Rediscovering traditionalism" (24 September 2008)

Then there are the paintings titled Man in Blue, also from the early 1950s. What astonishing serendipity that this exhibition appears in London at this time, with Bacon's tormented gaze seeing through the gloss and glaze of the City the faceless creatures trapped in its bureaucracies and institutions. His 1955 painting of a chimpanzee echoes the bestiality of his suited businessmen. We are animals, all of us: in the Darwinian fight some dissolve back into flesh and non-being even before they are formed, while others succeed at the business of becoming stronger beasts and get briefly ahead of the pack. But there is no God, so what's the point? Life is shit, and then we die.

This is what atheism looks like, to those who have eyes to see. This is what it feels like, to suffer without hope, to have the courage and the truthfulness to live in fidelity to a vision of Darwinian despair about the human condition. Like the master of Grünewald, Bacon sought to exploit the connection between the suffering human body and its artistic representation by dissolving the space of mediation between the two. He once said that he wanted his art to appeal directly to the nervous system, bypassing the process of interpretation and the search for meaning. In the Isenheim Altar, the fusion of body and art becomes a sign of incarnational hope, of flesh redeemed through the incarnate Word. In Bacon's repeated studies of crucifixion it becomes a sign of vicious and futile barbarity, of meaning devoured by the all-consuming flesh.

An act of defiance

Yet the paradox remains that the power of all great art - however nihilistic its message - depends upon the human capacity for transcendence. There are agnostic thinkers such as Peter Fuller and George Steiner who argue that only what Fuller called "a wager on transcendence" makes great art possible at all. In the obsession to represent, to create images which transcend the grip of the animal mind in order to explore a shared meaning and a common vision, Bacon must contradict the message he communicates. However much he resisted any attempt to find meaning in his art, its very existence depends upon the fact that humans are a meaning-making species - creative animals with a capacity for transcendence, imagination and linguistic and artistic expressiveness, all of which marks us out from the other life-forms with which we share the planet.

The howl of protest against the torment of the flesh is in itself an act of defiance against the void: a refusal to succumb to the nihilism that would render us mute and meaningless in the face of our human capacity for suffering and violence. We cannot short-circuit the quest for meaning which makes art possible, and within that possibility lingers the haunting question of what lies beyond the here and now, beyond the meat and the muck of our bodily selves.

There is a transition in Bacon's later works, so that by the 1980s the assault upon our senses becomes filtered through something less visceral and raw. The paint is less textured, the fusion of form and content yielding to a more stylised approach in which the dismembered and grotesque bodies have lost the pathos, the despair and vulnerability of the earlier work. There is a subtle shift from great art to something more akin to poster-painting. It is as if the artist's mourning and raging against the death of God has moved towards a reconciliation with the seductive message of modern consumerism: "There's probably no God. Now stop worrying and enjoy your life."

But the earlier work's insistence that God is dead makes it as theological in its meaning as all those great works of Christian art which inspired Bacon; a negation, after all, acquires its meaning from that which it negates and that which it refuses. The early crucifixion themes, for example, shock with the absence of God and the consequent dissolution of the humanist enterprise. Bacon once said: "I would like my pictures to look as if a human being had passed between them, like a snail, leaving a trail of the human presence and memory trace of past events, as the snail leaves its slime."

A cosmic wager

But that snail's trail is a divine trail as well as a human one - because for nearly 2,000 years the western understanding of the human was inseparable from the western understanding of God. The mutual imaging between the human and the divine lingers in the recognition that the snail's trail of an abandoned humanity is also that of an abandoned divinity. In a later work, Triptych (1976), a chalice and a host are shown amidst the figures; though here they are empty symbols, suggesting a rebellious gesture more worthy of the so-called new atheists than the tortured anti-theological profundity of the earlier work.

Bacon may have been a nihilist, but like Nietzsche, he recognised that the death of God also signalled the death of the familiar, common-sense concept of the human. This is an atheism which is altogether different from the banal and bourgeois atheism emanating from the (predominantly) white male intelligentsia of little England. This atheism is rooted in a bewildering confidence - for it lacks foundation either in the Darwinian materialism to which it is wedded, or in the human capacity for rationality and progress to which it appeals. Intelligent atheism, like intelligent religion, offers few consolations if the challenges it poses to human knowledge, values and reasoning are taken seriously.

For some of us, faith is a positioning of our lives upon a fulcrum of possibility, challenging us to live with the unanswerability of the questions it poses and the doubts it accommodates. Such an outlook may find the mourning rituals for a dead God meaningful in themselves, and more worthy of time and attention than the kind of banal satisfaction promoted on the London buses. Whatever we mean by that word "God", there is inspiration and mystery to be discovered in the legacy which Christianity has bequeathed to our understanding of the world - in its music, art and architecture, in its Masses and devotions, in the compassionate and selfless endeavours of those who work in hospitals and refugee-camps around the world, witnessing to the existential possibility of a human world rooted in reconciling hope rather than competitive nihilism.

But for those who cannot take that wager on belief, atheism is a persuasive and respectable alternative. Go then to the Francis Bacon exhibition, and see what it entails. For Bacon shows the real thing, the savage beast that we are, suggesting that Martin Heidegger may have been right after all: only a God can save us now.

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Francis Bacon estate

Tina Beattie, The New Atheists: The Twilight of Reason and the War on Religion (Darton, Longman & Todd, 2007)

Tina Beattie

Tate Britain - Francis Bacon

British Humanist Association

Richard Dawkins

 
This article is published by Tina Beattie, , and openDemocracy.net under a Creative Commons licence. You may republish it free of charge with attribution for non-commercial purposes following these guidelines. If you teach at a university we ask that your department make a donation. Commercial media must contact us for permission and fees. Some articles on this site are published under different terms.

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John Fitton (not verified) said:



Sat, 2008-11-22 18:52

How can one mourn the death of something one thinks never existed? Bacon clearly had an usual mind which was probably damaged from substance abuse. I have seen a number of his works in various museums around the world - I think they are all ghastly. Perhaps he was indeed a tortured apostate mourning his god.
Yes, humanity is a new and imperfect species in both body and mind which enables us doctors to earn a living and artists like Bacon to portray some of its hideousness. It is clearly comforting to many who think that some form of divine entity takes a personal interest in their wellbeing and it seems churlish to promote atheism to them. However, there is nothing 'shallow' about unbelief. Indeed, many of us are highly intelligent well adjusted members of society who are capable of thinking far below the level of the frothy pejorative prose of the good Ms Beattie!

kecal said:



Sun, 2008-11-16 15:42

Titus Lucretius Carus

 

Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum

 

From: Arno Manhattan: Vatikas's Holocaust

 

There is no more criminal ideology in the history than Roman CCatholicism.

Titus Lucretius Carus (not verified) said:



Sun, 2008-11-16 15:15

Tantum religio potuit suadere malorum

Jon M (not verified) said:



Sat, 2008-11-15 11:34

"Professor of Catholic Studies".. That's brilliant!! What do you do all day?

G. Tingey (not verified) said:



Fri, 2008-11-14 18:47

Faith is DEFINED as: "Belief WITHOUT evidence"

Ms Beattie likes not to have evidence it would seem.

That, and clinging to a much-modifed set of Bronze-Age goatherder's myths.
How very progressive, enlightened and educated she is not.

elissat (not verified) said:



Fri, 2008-11-14 15:14

He was wrong, only we can save ourselves, for there is no one else. Perhaps I should apologise, being atheist with not a scrap of divine belief within my soul.

(I use the term soul, as we humans tend to use words in literature and colour in art, to stir the heart without literal meaning.)

The apology itself would stand for the lack of nihilism, for the lack of materialism, for the charity I give and the hope I feel. For, in short, not being the defeated, depairing wretch I should be in the absence of the divine.

Or, as I would usually put it, sorry to burst your bubble matey, but atheists aren't inherently filled with depair and given over to decadence. I loved the marriage in your article of money and atheism, how deliciously low of you.

Oh, and Merlin? Please don't speak twaddle and call it science. There is no 'science-based moral code', you're confusing it with evolved morality, uncovered but not created, by science.

dirigible (not verified) said:



Fri, 2008-11-14 15:13

In any event, there is nothing original or provocative about that banal agnostic slogan.

It has provoked your essay. ;-) But anything stronger would have led to a more violent response from the likes of Christian Voice, which would not be good.

This is what atheism looks like, to those who have eyes to see. This is what it feels like, to suffer without hope, to have the courage and the truthfulness to live in fidelity to a vision of Darwinian despair about the human condition.

If atheism wasn't as you describe it, perhaps the only thing turning your doubt into an engine of self-loathing rather than freedom would be removed.

It is as if the artist's mourning and raging against the death of God

Who's mourning? We're celebrating. Come join the party.

For some of us, faith is a positioning of our lives upon a fulcrum of possibility, challenging us to live with the unanswerability of the questions it poses and the doubts it accommodates.

Why spend all your time in this beautiful garden with your eyes closed tight in case you see there are no fairies at the bottom of it?

Thomas Ash said:



Wed, 2008-11-12 12:34

I'm not convinced that most religions are dominated by men, if by that you mean (as you seem to, in context) that men are their most fervent adherents and the drivers of their growth. In fact, I remember reading that the opposite is often the case...

merlin landwu (not verified) said:



Wed, 2008-11-12 12:32

Globalisation requires a Science-based “Moral Code”

In essence, a Science-based Moral Code accepts that there is “Intelligence” at work, but that it is an integral part of every aspect of the universe, rather than a separate “Deity”.
By combining elements of traditional scientific and religious beliefs within a complimentary framework, we broaden and strengthen both.
The scope of scientific application is broadened through accepting the presence of Intelligence, attributing its application to known and quantifiable aspects of both the human condition and the universe at large.
Traditional Religious belief is adapted to lessen the degree of subjective interpretation, whilst also upgrading its moral responsibilities in acknowledging the need for our evolutionary change as a society and species.
A science-based moral code would provide purpose to life, enabling us to see a “Living & Working” Universe of which we are an integral part, functioning within quantifiable parameters and propelled by a perpetual motion of interacting opposites, (expanded upon later).
Coming from this perspective, it argues that this Intelligence did not create every aspect of life but rather provided an exploratory “universal” environment within which life operates, managed by basic and non-judgemental disciplines.
The structure of this universal environment allows interaction between all aspects within it, through a perpetual motion that generates and assesses information continuously, providing practical experience and a growing knowledge and understanding about a universe at work.
At the heart of this activity, the Darwinian principles of survival of the fittest and the core values of the myriad of religious and spiritual beliefs interact to identify, understand, interpret and support every other aspect of the universe.
I believe the depth and breadth of the structure that provides for the process of information gathering that we call life shows Intelligence beyond human comprehension.
I say this because each part of this management system operates in such a way that none of it can be influenced by human action or agenda of any description, thus providing a means of investigation and analysis that is completely unbiased and non-judgemental.
These simple disciplines appear not to control us but rather to stimulate extensive investigation of who and what we are.
The most obvious seem to me to be:
Time – The true outcome of our, or any other, actions result from the passing of time and take into account their effect upon the whole and connected Universe. Within this discipline, we find knowledge and wisdom through experience, which, in human terms, can take minutes or millennia to achieve.
Ignorance – By the very nature of its vastness, the Universe imposes ignorance upon its individual components, from stardust to humans. Indeed any journey of investigation identifies ignorance implicit within the venture and the motivation behind its launch. It is also worth considering that if we were not in ignorance we would be a very different entity, capable of operating within this thing called life without fear of danger or catastrophe.
Balance – Imbalance creates learning, and balance true understanding.
Diversity – The very essence of investigation is the ability to compare and evaluate. Limitless diversity, with its core of Opposites and Paradox, ensure a perpetual motion of conflict, experience and learning.
Procreation – Without a powerful sex drive providing the ability for limitless procreation and diversify, no investigation could occur.
Connectedness – Only by being connected is it possible for the universe to interact, function and evolve. Vast though it is, connectedness shows that there is no such thing as coincidence, which is counter productive to information gathering. Through a better understanding and acceptance of this connectedness, we can come to revere our individuality and the part we each play.
Awareness – The level of awareness and perception of ourselves, each other, and our surroundings is in no way determined by our physical or mental capabilities, but is fundamental to the evolutionary process of life. In as much as our mental and physical attributes are as different in each of us as our DNA, so too is our personal awareness, guaranteeing and stimulating our continual investigation and interaction with all that we meet during our individual lifetimes.
These seven disciplines are the primary engines that drive life, as we know it. Indeed they come together to fuel constant change with an energy that has always eluded the best minds – that of perpetual motion.
It is the non-judgmental nature of these disciplines, together with other aspects of life that directly affect all of us, that are at the very heart of this science–based moral code, placing responsibility for our actions firmly in our hands and not those of a distant and judgemental deity.
We are very much a part of a “Living and Working Universe” where our recent evolution to a “Globalised” environment now provides new and exciting challenges, requiring equally new and exciting perspectives and thinking for our continued survival and development.
I began this series of three articles with reference to Professor Richard Dawkins, and I would like to close in a similar fashion. When I refer to the “engines” of the universe and their perpetual motion, it is with Professor Dawkins in mind.
His entrenched position in praise of Darwinism and denial of religious doctrine causes immediate reaction from the religious, in a fervent exchange of views that has been mirrored by our forefathers for centuries.
Out of this interaction knowledge and understanding are achieved, as religious belief is challenged or accepted by scientific investigation and visa versa.
Our universal environment comprises a myriad of opposites like these which, when taken as a whole, provide a “perpetual motion” through the conflict their interaction automatically generates in the search for “truth”, whilst also supporting our evolution as a species.
Our rush to construct organisations of “global” proportions, be they political or corporate are already meeting resistance in operating efficiently, with purpose for human good. History teaches that domination by this or any other human activity is doomed to failure, because of the requirement for diversity within this working universal environment.
However, we need to understand this process better as we enter and adapt to the new Global Village. We need leaders that understands who and what we are and can encourage our gentle detachment from the past in an effort to elevate our species to a new level of human interaction in the 21st century.

Benjamin Kinzer (not verified) said:



Wed, 2008-11-12 07:18

I believe it's interesting that the slogan Dawkins wishes to produce across London says: "if there is a God, she has a rather wicked sense of humour."

The key subject here is "she". Especially when the second paragraph states "The fervour of their worship is familiar: a horde of over-excited, gesticulating men (like most religions, this one is dominated by men), shouting their prayers and petitions at the great glowing icons above them"

In a society that has benefited men through politics, religion and economics we see once again someone using women as a scape goat for the fall of man. Now he may have been trying to be socially conscious and global by using she instead of he. But, we are seeing the same repeating history made by men through aetheism.

To be honest we must quit bickering about who is right and begin concentrating on what it means to be alive and why we should help each other instead of bickering.

Martin Cowley (not verified) said:



Fri, 2008-11-14 17:54

I suspect Dawkin's use of the feminine gender for god is to question the global assumption that any god must necessarily be male.

Jonas VanGee (not verified) said:



Tue, 2008-11-11 18:14

I have thoroughly enjoyed your text, you are very eloquent. I liked the theme, structure and rythme. In short, I take my hat off.

Style, however, is a very powerful tool and some tools can be used as weapons. I do feel that your language seduces and through its pleasing qualities confounds, thereby damaging a more complete representation of the atheist ideology.

The structure of your text suggest that there is atheism versus hope and you also suggest, if I understood you correctly, that there are only two kinds of atheism: there is a consumer oriented type and a nihilistic type.

This thesis, I believe, is misleading. Are there not more possibilities than being misguided or being negativistic?

What about a social atheism? Or a happy atheism? Maybe a giving atheism should counter the devouring consumer atheism?

Is it inconceivable to think of humans as a darwinian species, rather than a horde of darwinian individuals?
This would imply competition between the species rather than between the individuals. Thereby, the human would be able to construct meaningful relations with others, without depending on God.

In any case, I utterly agree with your analysis of a consumer ideology, which functions as a new religion. The golden calf and new idols...

I have, however, difficulty agreeing that the denial of the existence of gods should be equated with nihilism.

Although your analysis of Francis Bacon's work is equally fascinating---and once again I take my hat off--- but I would strongly advise those who read Ms Beaties's text to consider that amazing parts do not make the whole true.

That is to say, in a style less eloquent than Ms Tina Beattie's, the use of a rethoric strategy that depends on either/ or confounds and hides that there is a third possibility.

Beware for the horns of the disjunction.

Solidario (not verified) said:



Tue, 2008-11-11 05:28

Shorter Tina Beattie: In this time of opportunity for religious proselytism, why can't atheists have the good taste to be miserable and tortured?

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